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- <text id=93CT1759>
- <link 90TT2363>
- <link 90TT2188>
- <link 90TT0358>
- <title>
- Liberia--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- Liberia
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> It is believed that the forebears of many present-day
- Liberians migrated into the area from the north and east
- between the 12th and 17th centuries. None of the sub-Saharan
- empires of that period encompassed Liberia. Portuguese explorers
- visited Liberia's coast in 1461, and during the next 30 years,
- European merchants and coastal Africans engaged in trade.
- </p>
- <p> The history of modern Liberia dates from 1816, when the
- American Colonization Society, a private U.S. organization, was
- given a charter by the U.S. Congress to send freed slaves to
- the west coast of Africa. The U.S. Government, under President
- James Monroe, provided funds and assisted in negotiations with
- native chiefs for the ceding of land for this purpose. The
- first settlers landed at the site of Monrovia in 1822. In 1838,
- the settlers united to form the Commonwealth of Liberia, under
- a governor appointed by the American Colonization Society.
- </p>
- <p> In 1847, Liberia became Africa's first independent republic,
- with a constitution modeled after that of the United States. The
- United Kingdom officially recognized the public of Liberia in
- 1848, as did France in 1852. The United States granted
- recognition in 1862. The republic's first 100 years have been
- described as a "century of survival" because of attempts by
- neighboring colonial powers (France and Britain) to encroach on
- Liberia.
- </p>
- <p> William R. Tolbert, Jr., 19th president of Liberia, acceded
- to office in July 1971, upon the death of his predecessor,
- William V.S. Tubman, who had served as president since 1944.
- Tolbert was overthrown in a coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel
- K. Doe on April 12, 1980, when the constitution was suspended
- and martial law imposed. The military government pledged to
- restore civilian rule in 1985. A new constitution was drafted
- and reviewed by an elected assembly; the ban on political
- activity was lifted and an Interim National Assembly appointed
- in July 1984; and four political parties were able to register
- and compete in presidential and legislative elections held on
- October 15, 1985. The new government and the new constitution
- were inaugurated on January 6, 1986, with Samuel K. Doe as
- president.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Samuel K. Doe is president and commander in chief of the
- Liberian Armed Forces. He is also the standard bearer of the
- National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), which holds an
- overwhelming majority of the country's legislative seats.
- </p>
- <p> The October 15, 1985 elections--the first in Liberia's
- history based on universal suffrage--were extremely
- controversial. The government used its authority inter alia, to
- curtail political debate, to limit the number of political
- parties, and to detain opposition leaders and independent
- journalists and hold them incommunicado. Although voting on
- election day appeared generally free and open, with very high
- popular interest and participation, there were immediate and
- widespread allegations of illegal procedures in regard to
- counting the votes, which was not performed in accordance with
- the election laws. It was announced that Samuel Doe had won the
- presidency with 50.9% of the vote and that his party had won
- 80% of the legislative seats. Opposition parties denounced the
- results as fraudulent and refused to permit their successful
- legislative candidates to take their seats under party
- affiliation. There was a bloody, unsuccessful coup attempt on
- November 12, 1985, which left many dead and most major
- opposition politicians in prison without charges or trial.
- </p>
- <p> Since the inauguration of the Second Republic on January 6,
- 1986, efforts at national political reconciliation have
- continued.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- September 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-